LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Evolution
UNIT NOTES and REVIEW QUIZZES
Use these notes to learn the facts and to test yourself. They consist of questions and answers so you can test yourself by covering up the answer while you ask yourself the question - or get someone else to ask you the question. When the unit is over use the review quizzes to test your knowledge.
Objective 1: What is the evidence for evolution?
You will need to understand what evolution is and the main evidence used to support the concept that species have changed over time, such as fossils, homologous structures, artificial breeding/selection and molecular comparisons such as proteins and DNA.
WORDS:
Fossils, Rock strata, Selective breeding, Analagous, Homologous, Vestigial, Domesticated, Artificial selection, Transitional, Pentadactyl limb, Evolution, Heritable, Acquired, Phylogeny.
Learn the words: Matching Game 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. What is evolution?
2. What does heritable mean?
3. Are all characteristics heritable?
4. What are homologous structures?
5. What are analogous structures?
6. How does the vertebrate forearm show evolutionary relatedness?
7. What is a pentadactyl limb?
8. How do homologous structures give evidence of evolution?
9. What are fossils?
10. How are fossils used to show evolution?
11. What is phylogeny?
12. What are two ways to date fossils?
13. What are some examples of fossils being used to support evolution of species?
14. What does pre-adaptation mean?
15. What is a vestigial organ? Give two examples.
16. How can molecules be used to establish phylogeny?
17. How are cladograms used to represent evolutionary relationships?
18. What is artificial selection or selective breeding?
19. How is artificial selection used to support evolution?
20. What is speciation?
21. When does speciation occur?
22. What is gene flow?
23. What does endemic mean?
Objective 2: What are examples of evolution?
It is important to recognise certain patterns in evolution such as divergent evolution and adaptive radiation. Well-known examples of evolution are the development of antibiotic resistance, industrial melanism and mimicry.
WORDS:
Industrial melanism, Divergent, Convergent, Adaptive radiation, Antibiotic resistance, Camouflage.
Learn the words: Matching Game 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. What is adaptive radiation?
2. What is an example of adaptive radiation?
3. How are the Galapagos Finches an example of evolution?
4. How do patterns of variation form across a geographical range?
5. What is divergent evolution?
6. What is parallel evolution?
7. What is convergent evolution?
8. What does melanistic mean?
9. What is industrial melanism and how does it demonstrate the evolution of the peppered moth?
10. Skill: Can computer modeling test the theory of evolution?
Objective 3: What is natural selection?
You will need to understand how evolution happens - by natural selection. Exam questions often ask you to explain how natural selection happens (i.e. the stages) using a specific example. It is also important to understand how variation is created during sexual reproduction as these differences are what natural selection acts upon.
WORDS:
Random assortment, Crossing over, Mutation, Adaptation, Differential reproduction, Antibiotic resistance, Sexual reproduction, Natural selection, Competition, Variation, Independent Assortment.
Learn the words: Matching Game 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Why is there a struggle for survival in populations?
2. What is a mutation?
3. What is the significance of mutations in evolution?
4. What is independent assortment?
5. What is crossing-over?
6. What is random fertilisation?
7. What causes variation in sexual reproduction?
8. What is an adaptation?
9. Describe the steps in natural selection.
10. What is selective pressure?
11. What does natural selection do to populations?
12. What are species with little variation at risk of extinction?
13. How does antibiotic resistance develop?
14. Do species respond to environmental change?
Objective 4: What are cladistics?
You be aware that classification of organisms should be based on evolutionary relationships, and cladistics does this. You should be able to construct a diagram called a cladogram based on information given, which is often based on DNA comparisons. Such analyses have changed the way we view the classification or organisms.
WORDS:
Clade, Molecular clock, Derived character, Primate, Ancestor, Cladogram, Cladistics.
Learn the words: Matching Game 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. What is a clade?
2. What is the EDGE of existence project?
3. What evidence is used to identify members of a clade?
4. What is the molecular clock?
5. What is a cladogram?
6. What is a node on a cladogram?
7. What are shared ancestral characters?
8. What are derived characters?
9. Skill: How do we interpret cladograms?
10. What does the primate cladogram look like?
11. What is cladistics?
12. How has cladistics changed our view of evolution?
13. How has the classification of the figwort family changed?
Objective 5: How do new species arise? HL
You will need to understand the different forms of selection that act on populations. Also, you should be aware of how populations can change enough to form new species, and the two main theories of how species change over longer time periods.
WORDS:
Polyploidy, Allopatric speciation, Behavioural isolation, Directional selection, Sympatric speciation, Gradualism, Stabilising selection, Geographical isolation, Disruptive selection, Gene pool, Reproductive isolation, Punctuated equilibrium, Allele frequency, Temporal isolation, Gene Flow, Endemic.
Learn the words: Matching Game 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
11. What is a gene pool?
2. How does evolution affect allele frequencies?
3. What is genetic fitness?
4. What is directional selection?
5. What is disruptive selection?
6. What is stabilising selection?
7. What is reproductive isolation and how can this occur?
8. What is allopatric speciation?
9. What is sympatric speciation?
10. What is gradualism?
11. What is punctuated equilibrium?
12. What is polyploidy?
13. Why are hybrids often infertile?
14. What is self-pollination and why can this be important in evolution?
15. What is hybrid vigour?
16. What is Allium?
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