LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Human Reproduction
UNIT NOTES and REVIEW QUIZZES
Use these notes to learn the facts and to test yourself. They consist of questions and answers so you can test yourself by covering up the answer while you ask yourself the question - or get someone else to ask you the question. When the unit is over use the review quizzes to test your knowledge.
Objective 1: What is the role of hormones in developing sexual characteristics and controlling fertility?
You will need to understand which hormones control the stages of the menstrual cycle and the development of sex organs during puberty - this makes up most of the learning outcomes. You should also recognise the structures that make up the reproductive organs and their functions. In addition, there are two minor historical details that led to our understanding by Aristotle and William Harvey.
WORDS:
Menstrual cycle – Testosterone – Semen – Ovulation - Secondary sexual characteristic – Oestrogen – Fertilisation – Ureter – Endometrium - Follicle stimulating hormone – Spermatozoa - Fallopian tubule – Progesterone – Foetus - Luteinising hormone - Corpus luteum - Vas deferens – Menstruation - Seminal vesicle – Embryo – Epididymis – Bladder - Urogenital system – Follicle – HCG - Prostate gland – Scrotum – Urethra – Oviduct – Cervix – Urine – Testis – Vagina – Puberty – Uterus – Penis- Ovary – SRY – TDF – Gonads – Vulva - Follicular phase - Luteal phase
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Skill: How do you draw the male reproductive system?
2. What are the functions of the parts of the male urogenital system – bladder, ureter, urethra, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and penis?
3. Skill: How do you draw the female reproductive system?
4. What are the functions of the parts of the female reproductive system – ovaries, oviducts/fallopian tubes, uterus, endometrium, cervix, vagina, and vulva?
5. What are secondary sexual characteristics?
6. What causes secondary sexual characteristics and when do they develop?
7. What is the role of testosterone in males?
8. How does maleness develop, e.g. testes, in an embryo?
9. What are the roles of SRY and TDF?
10. How does femaleness develop?
11. What is the menstrual cycle?
12. What are follicles and ova?
13. What happens on the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
14. What happens in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
15. What is menstruation? Why does it occur?
16. What is FSH and what does it do? Where is it made?
17. What is oestrogen and what does it do? Where is it made?
18. How does negative feedback control ovulation?
19. What is LH and what does it do? Where is it made?
20. What is a Graafian follicle?
21. What is ovulation?
22. What is the corpus luteum?
23. What is progesterone and what does it do? Where is it made?
24. What is fertilisation?
25. What is a zygote?
26. How do hormones interact in the menstrual cycle?
27. What causes menstruation?
28. What is implantation?
29. What prevents the breakdown of the endometrium?
30. What is the role of HCG?
31. What was the seed and soil theory of Aristotle?
32. What did William Harvey do to test the seed and soil theory?
33. How was William Harvey limited by technology?
Objective 2: What is IVF?
You will need to understand how fertility is increased in in vitro fertilisation and why this would be done. It is also important to understand the ethics relating to this procedure.
WORDS:
In vitro fertilisation – Blastocyst – Ultrasound – Implantation – Womb - Down Regulation – Superovulation - Seed and soil theory
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. What is infertility and what can cause it?
2. What happens in in vitro fertilisation (IVF)?
3. Why are there often multiple births in IVF?
4. Where does fertilisation happen in IVF?
5. What is down regulation?
6. What is superovulation?
7. How is sperm provided?
8. How are eggs collected?
9. What is placed into the uterus of the female and how is this done?
10. How do they know if this has been successful?
11. Can any other technologies be combined with IVF?
12. What are the ethics of IVF?
Objective 3: How are gametes produced? HL
You will need to recognise the structure of both the testes and ovaries and how this relates to the development of sex cells in the male and female. You must be able to link this to the general process of meiosis. You shoudl also be able to compare and contrast the process of gamete development in the male and female.
WORDS:
Spermatogenesis - Graafian follicle - Seminiferous tubules - Basement membrane - Interstitial cells - Polar body - Secondary oocyte – Motile - Primary follicles – Gametogenesis - Corona radiate – Spematocyte - Germinal epithelial cells - Sertoli cells - Zona pellucida - Leydig cells – Oogenesis - Oocyte -Spermatid
Learn the words: Matching Game 1 - Learn the words: Matching Game 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. What are seminiferous vesicles and what do they do?
2. What are Leydig or Interstitial cells and what do they do?
3. What does a cross-section of a seminiferous tubule look like?
4. What are germinal epithelial cells, where are they and what do they do?
5. What are Sertoli cells and what do they do?
6. What is the basement membrane?
7. What process produces spermatozoa?
8. What is spermatogenesis?
9. How does spermatogenesis happen?
10. What happens to the sperm produced?
11. What stimulates Sertoli cells to mature sperm?
12. What are spermatocytes?
13. What role do FSH and LH have in sperm production?
14. What role does testosterone have in sperm production?
15. What happens to chromosome numbers in the stages of spermatogenesis?
16. Skill: Be able to recognise the structure of mature sperm.
117. How is sperm structured to be successful?
18. How do the seminal vesicles and prostate gland contribute to semen?
19. What is oogenesis?
20. What is the female gamete called?
21. How does oogenesis happen?
22. What are oocytes?
23. What happens to the chromosome numbers during oogenesis?
24. What is unusual about meiosis in oogenesis?
25. What are polar bodies?
26. Skill: Be able to recognise the stages of follicle development in the ovary.
27. What is a Graafian follicle?
28. What causes the completion of meiosis in oogenesis?
29. What is the structure of an egg?
30. What are the zona pellucida and corona radiata?
31. How do spermatogenesis and oogenesis compare and contrast?
Objective 4: How does a baby develop? HL
You will need to understand how fertilisation is achieved and limited to one sperm. Also, an outline of how an embryo develops and implants is required. A similar brief treatment of the role of the placenta in maintaining pregnancy is needed. You should understand the roles of hormones in maintaining pregnancy and inducing childbirth. Also, how synthetic hormones are used to control fertility, and the implications of their use. Finally, reproduction in other animals is required, especially gestation period and how much care is given to babies.
WORDS:
Acrosome reaction – Zygote – Morula - Positive feedback - Umbilical chord – Placenta - Amniotic fluid - Amniotic sac – Oxytocin – Afterbirth - Cortical reaction – Acrosome – Polyspermy – Parturition – Gestation - External fertilization - Altricial species - Precocial species
Learn the words: Matching Game 1 - Learn the words: Matching Game 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. What are the main steps in fertilisation?
2. What happens in the acrosome reaction?
3. What happens in the cortical reaction?
4. What is polyspermy and why should it be stopped?
5. How does sperm find the egg?
6. What are internal and external fertilisation, give some examples?
7. Compare and contrast internal and external fertilisation.
8. What does HCG do in pregnancy?
9. What maintains the endometrium after about 4 months?
10. What is a morula and how is it produced?
11. What is the blastocyst?
12. What is implantation and where does it happen?
13. What is the placenta and what does it do?
14. What are the umbilical chord, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid?
15. What is the foetus?
16. What hormone maintains the endometrium during pregnancy?
17. What change in hormone levels happens toward the end of pregnancy?
18. What is oxytocin and what does it do?
19. What sort of feedback causes contractions of the uterus?
20. What is parturition?
21. What must happen to the cervix to allow childbirth?
22. What is the afterbirth?
23. What is the female contraceptive pill and how does it work?
24. What are synthetic oestrogens?
25. How might synthetic oestrogens affect male fertility?
26. What is gestation?
27. What are altricial species – give examples?
28. What are precocial species – give examples?
29. What is the relationship between body size and length of gestation?
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